Performance across extreme environments: comparing waterfall climbing among amphidromous gobioid fishes from Caribbean and Pacific Islands

نویسنده

  • Heiko L. ScHoenfuSS
چکیده

Amphidromous gobioid fishes have colonized streams on tropical and subtropical volcanic islands across the globe. Such streams are often characterized by steep gradients, high velocity currents, and even waterfalls as in-stream obstacles; however, the ability to climb waterfalls has evolved in many goby species, allowing juveniles returning from the ocean to penetrate upstream reaches. Past studies of Hawaiian gobioid fishes have identified two functionally different climbing techniques that were characterized by differing kinematics: a style described as ‘powerbursting’ among species with small juveniles (~1.5 cm body length), and a style described as ‘inching-up’ among species with large juveniles (~2.2 cm body length). These results suggested a potential size limit to the use of powerburst climbing, and indicated that functional diversity can exist even in extreme environments. In this study, we used standardand high-speed video to assess kinematic and performance parameters of juvenile and adult Sicydium punctatum from the caribbean island of Dominica, and compared the results with data previously obtained for two species of climbing gobioid fishes from the Hawaiian Island chain, Sicyopterus stimpsoni and Lentipes concolor. Although nearly as large as the ‘inching’ climber S. stimpsoni, climbing kinematics of juvenile S. punctatum were similar to those of powerbursting juvenile L. concolor. nonetheless, adults of all three species converged on a climbing style similar to that of the inching-up climber S. stimpsoni, still suggesting a size limit for the powerburst climbing style of L. concolor and S. punctatum. Results of this study provide for a refined understanding of how functional diversity can be maintained in extreme environments across a broad geographic range and taxonomic diversity, and shed light on ontogenetic constraints in locomotor function. résumé. Performance en environnement extrême : comparaison de la capacité à franchir les cascades chez les gobies amphidromes des îles des Caraïbes et du Pacifique. Les gobies amphidromes ont colonisé les rivières des îles volcaniques tropicales et subtropicales. Ces rivières sont souvent caractérisées par de fortes pentes, des courants rapides, et des cascades qui constituent des obstacles. La capacité de franchir ces cascades a évolué chez plusieurs espèces de gobies, et permet aux juvéniles qui arrivent de la mer de migrer en amont des rivières. Des études précédentes menées sur les gobioides d’Hawaii ont permis d’identifier deux techniques différentes pour franchir les obstacles, caractérisées par différentes cinématiques: une technique consiste à utiliser la poitrine pour pousser chez les espèces qui ont de petits juvéniles (~1,5 cm LT), et une technique utilisant la bouche et la ventouse chez les espèces qui ont de gros juvéniles (~2,2 cm LT). Ces résultats suggèrent une taille limite potentielle pour l’utilisation de la poitrine pour monter, et indiquent que de la diversité fonctionnelle peut exister même dans les environnements extrêmes. Dans cette étude, nous avons utilisé la vidéo standard et accélérée pour accéder aux paramètres de la performance et de la cinématique des juvéniles et adultes de Sicydium punctatum des îles de la Dominique, que nous avons comparé aux résultats obtenus précédemment sur les espèces hawaiiennes Sicyopterus stimpsoni et Lentipes concolor. Bien que presque aussi grand que S. stimpsoni, la cinématique d’escalade des juvéniles de S. punctatum est semblable à celle des juvéniles de L. concolor. Néanmoins, les adultes des trois espèces convergent vers un style d’escalade semblable à celui du S. stimpsoni (utilisant la bouche et la ventouse), suggérant une taille limite pour la poussée par la poitrine de L. concolor et S. punctatum. Les résultats de notre étude permettent d’apporter des éléments de compréhension sur comment la diversité fonctionnelle peut être maintenue en environnement extrême, et ce à travers des aires géographiques très distantes et des espèces différentes.

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تاریخ انتشار 2012